These lines have caused some problems. Who are "ealle ða halgan" who dwell in heaven before Christ's redemption if they are not the angels (see Horgan)? Two solutions have been proposed: a) that they are Enoch, Elijah and the Good Thief (see Finnegan). This is based on the evidence of the Gospel of Nichodemus; b) that "engel" here is being used in the restricted sense of the first of the nine orders of the heavenly host and "ealle ða halgan" are the other eight orders of archangels, thrones, dominations, principalities, powers, virtues, cherubim and seraphim (see Hall). Both Romans 8:38-9 and Peter 3:22 refer to angels, powers and virtues.