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1.13. Of the maners of the Scots in these daies, and their comparison with the behauiour of the old, and such as liued long since within this Iland. The xiij. Chapter.

Of the maners of the Scots in these daies, and their comparison with the behauiour of the old, and such as liued long since within this Iland. The xiij. Chapter.

Compare 1577 edition: 1 _FOrsomuch as diuers no|ble men haue desired me to shew apart the old maners of the Scots touched in my historie, to the end it may be knowne how far our nati|on in these present daies are different in their maners and EEBO page image 20 behauiour from those of our forefathers, and here|vnto although I assure muselfe alreadie that the re|uealing of these things will procure vnto me the ha|tred of sundrie woorthie or renowmed personages (of which few will yéeld to heare their doings touched or their errours reproued) yet because I owe such duetie and seruice vnto those that haue made this request vnto me, and least I should seeme ingrate not to hearken vnto them in this behalfe; I haue condescended to the performance of their desires, and so much the rather, for that they alledge how it will be verie profitable vnto all the readers, but e|speciallie such as are not immoderatlie giuen ouer vnto their owne affections, nor so wholie drowned in their owne sensualitie and pleasures, but vpon consideration of wholesome admonition will be ve|rie willing to leaue whatsoeuer offendeth in them.

Compare 1577 edition: 1 First of all therefore, I will declare what vsages haue béene among our elders both in time of warre and peace, and by what wisedome and industrie they haue preuailed so long time against such and so ma|nie mightie aduersaries, as first the Britains, then the Saxons, next of all the Danes which haue ente|red into this Iland with huge armies to spoile and subdue the same. Furthermore, I will set downe with so much breuitie as I can, how the falling by little and little from the frugalitie and customs of their forefathers, their vertue and force also began in like order to decaie. And finallie how in these daies either by the clemencie of our neighbours, or by their delicat negligence rather than by our owne prowesse, we liue in securitie, and thereby as it were ouerwhelmed and wrapped vp in all auarice and ex|cesse, whereinto our want of exercise and martiall prowesse dooth maruellouslie impell vs.

Compare 1577 edition: 1 Certes I beléeue that by this meanes such as are of the more couragious sort (& yet reteining a sauour of the temperancie of their elders) will reioise to heare their manhood & great prowesse commended in this wise, as others of the contrarie sect (in ser|uile maner addicted to gather goods, and spend their times in idle excesse and riot) séeing their errors iustlie reprehended, and the dishonor gotten thereby openlie reuealed, will the rather addresse them|selues to reformation of their estate, thereby to re|couer the ancient renowme of their forefathers, in answering to their prowesse, than proue a reproch vnto their successours, through their lewd behaui|ours neuer to be forgiuen. This I protest before all men, that whatsoeuer I shall speake of the euill maners of our times, I doo not meane it vnto all, but those onlie whome blind selfe-loue, couetousnes, intemperancie, excesse and abuse of all Gods good gifts haue so touched, that they deserue much more to be reprehended than I will vouchsafe to attempt in this my lateward treatise. Therefore if anie man shall thinke himselfe to be rubbed on the gall by me, I counsell him that he conceale not his infirmitie, by séeking reuenge on other men, but rather inde|uour to procure the remedie in first acknowledging his misdemeanors, which is the one and better halfe of his cure.

Compare 1577 edition: 1 Our elders although they were right vertuous both in warre abroad, and at home in peace, were yet neuerthelesse in conuersation & behauiour verie temperat, which is the founteine & originall of all vertues. In sléepe they were competent, in meate and drinke sober, and contented with such food as was readie at hand and prepared with little cost. Their bread consisted of such stuff as grew most rea|dilie on the ground, without all maner of sifting and bolting, whereby to please the palate; but baked vp as it came from the mill without anie such curiosi|tie, which is a great abasing of the force thereof vnto our dailie nourishment. The flesh whereon they chiefeli [...] fed, was either such as they got by hunting, wherein they tooke great delight, and which increa|sed not a little their strength and nimblenesse, or else such tame cattell as they bred vp at home, whereof béefe was accompted the principall, as it is yet in our daies, though after an other maner and far dis|crepant from the vse and custome of other coun|tries. The stirkes or yoong béefets vngelded, we ei|ther kill yoong for veale, or geld, to the end that they may serue afterward for tillage in earing vp of the ground, but the cowcalfes and heifers are neuer killed till they be with calfe, for then are they fattest and most delicious to the mouth. The common meat of our elders was fish, howbeit not onlie or somuch for the plentie thereof, as for that our lands laie often wast and vntilled, because of the great warres which they commonlie had in hand. They brake also their fast earlie in the morning with some slender repast, and so continued without anie other diet vntill supper time, in which they had but one dish, whereby it came to passe, that their sto|machs were neuer ouercharged, nor their bones de|sirous of rest through the fulnesse of their bellies. At such time as they determined of set purpose to be merie, they vsed a kind of Aquauite void of all spice, and onelie consisting of such hearbs & roots as grew in their owne gardens, otherwise their common drinke was ale: but in time of warre, when they were inforced to lie in campe, they contented them|selues with water as rediest for their turnes. Ech souldier also had so much meale as might serue him for a daie which he made vp in cakes, and baked on the coles, as the Romans sometimes vsed to doo, and the emperour Caracalla himselfe (as Herodian hath remembred.) Seldome did they eate anie flesh in their tents, except they got it from their aduer|saries; such as they had likewise was eaten halfe raw, because they supposed the iuice thereof so vsed to nourish verie abundantlie. But fish was much more plentifull amongst them, especiallie when they wanted their vsuall preies, or could not atteine vn|to them.

Compare 1577 edition: 1 They brought furthermore from their houses to the field with them, a vessell of butter, cheese, meale, milke, and vineger tempered togither as a shoot-an|chor against extreme hunger, on which they would féed and sucke out the moisture, when other proui|sion could not be gotten. In like maner, whensoe|uer they had entred into league and amitie with their enimies, they would not liue in such securitie, that thereby they would suffer their bodies & forces to degenerat, but they did keepe themselues in their former actiuitie and nimblenesse of lims, either with continuall hunting (a game greatlie esteemed amongest our ancestors) or with running from the hilles vnto the vallies, or from the vallies vnto the hilles, or with wrestling, and such kinds of pastime whereby they were neuer idle. Their heads were alwaies shauen after the maner of the ancient Spa|niards, with a little tuft of heare onelie left on their forparts, and neuer couered, except when they were troubled with sicknesse, by which means it came to passe, that few of our nation in old time was seene to be bald and hearelesse. They went also barefooted, or if they had anie shooes, they dipped them first in the water yer they did put them on, especiallie in winter when sharpest weather shewed it selfe, to the end that the soles of their féet (which were well hard|ned in summer with heat and in winter with cold) might be more strong and able to susteine great la|bor and dailie trauell.

Compare 1577 edition: 1 Their apparrell was not made for brauerie and pompe, but as shuld séeme best to couer their bodies, EEBO page image 21 and serue their appointed vses, their hosen were shapen also of linnen or woollen, which neuer came higher than their knees, their bréeches were for the most part of hempe, clokes also they had for winter made of course wooll, but in the summer time they ware of the finest that could be gotten. They slept moreouer either vpon the bare floore or pallets of straw, teaching their children euen from their in|fancie to eschew ease, and practise the like hardnesse; and sith it was a cause of suspicion of the mothers fideltie toward hir husband, to seeke a strange nurse for hir children (although hir milke failed) each wo|man would take intollerable paines to bring vp and nourish hir owne children. They thought them fur|thermore not to be kindlie fostered, except they were so well nourished after their births with the milke of their brests, as they were before they were borne with the bloud of their owne bellies, nay they feared least they should degenerat and grow out of kind, except they gaue them sucke themselues, and eschewed strange milke, therefore in labour and painfulnesse they were equall, & neither sex regar|ded the heat in summer or cold in winter, but tra|uelled barefooted, and in time of warres the men had their cariages and victuals trussed behind them on their horsses, or else vpon their owne shoulders without refusall of anie labour inioined vnto them by their capteins.

Compare 1577 edition: 1 If it hapened them at anie time to be vanquished, they fled with such speed to the mounteins, that no horsse might ouertake them, and verie oft escaped. The violence that was doone to anie one of them, was reputed common to all, & such was their dead|lie fude conceiued in these cases, that vntill they had requited the like with more extremitie, they would neuer be quiet nor let go their displeasure. The no|blest and most couragious gentleman would soonest desire to be placed in the fore ward, where his vassa|lage or seruice & manhood should readilest be séene, and such was the friendship of the nobilitie amongst themselues, that whilst they contended which of them should be most faithfull and friendlie to other, they would oft fall out, and quarell one with another. Sometimes it happened that their capteine was be|set with extreme perill, or peraduenture some other of the nobilitie, in which cases they that were of his band would suddenlie rush in through the thickest of their enimies vnto him, and deliuer him, or else if they could not so doo, they would altogither lose their liues with him, thinking it a perpetuall note of re|proch to ouerliue their leader.

Compare 1577 edition: 1 The graues and sepulchers of our noble men had commonlie so manie obelisks and spires pitched a|bout them, as the deceassed had killed enimies be|fore time in the field. If anie souldier had beene found in the field without his flint and tinder box, or had walked or gene vp and downe with his sword at his side, and not naked in his hand, for then vsed they light armour for the most part, he was terriblie scourged: but he that sold or morga|ged his weapon, was forthwith cut from his com|panie, and banished as an exile; he that fled or went from the battell without leaue of his capteine, was slaine wheresoeuer he was met afterward, without anie iudgement or sentence, and all his goods con|fiscated to the prince. Their light armour in those daies consisted of the lance, the bowe, the long sword which hanged at the side of the owner, and thereto a buckler, but afterward heauier armour came into generall vsage.

Compare 1577 edition: 1 In these daies also the women of our countrie were of no lesse courage than the men, for all stout maidens & wiues (if they were not with child) mar|ched as well in the field as did the men, and so soone as the armie did set forward, they slue the first li|uing creature that they found, in whose bloud they not onelie bathed their swords, but also tasted ther|of with their mouthes, with no lesse religion and as|surance conceiued, than if they had alreadie béene sure of some notable and fortunate victorie. When they saw their owne bloud run from them in the fight, they waxed neuer a whit astonished with the matter, but rather doubling their courages, with more egernesse they assailed their enimies. This also is to be noted of them, that they neuer sought anie victorie by treason, falshood, or sleight, as thinking it a great reproch to win the field any otherwise than by meere manhood, prowesse and plaine dealing.

Compare 1577 edition: 1 When they went foorth vnto the wars, each one went with the king of his owne cost (except the hi|red souldior) which custome is yet in vse. If any were troubled with the falling euill, or leprosie, or fallen frantike, or otherwise was out of his wits, they were diligentlie sought out: and least those diseases should passe further by infectuous generation vnto their issue & posteritie, they gelded the men. But the women were secluded to some od place far off from the companie of men, where if she afterward happe|ned to be gotten with child, both she and the infant were run through with the lance. Gluttons and ra|ueners, droonkards, and egregious deuourers of victuals were punished also by death, first bring per|mitted to deuoure so much as they listed, and then drowned in one fresh riuer or other.

Compare 1577 edition: 1 Furthermore, as iustice in time of war was com|monlie driuen to perke, so in daies of peace our cun|triemen that offended, were off seuerelie punished and with inconuenient rigor. For they well consi|dered that after their people should returne & come home againe from the warres, they would be giuen to so many enormities, that the same their excesse should hardlie be restreined but by extreame seue|ritie: such also was their nature, that so soone as they knew themselues guiltie of any offense com|mitted against the estate or commonwealth, their first attempt was to set discord amongst the péeres and princes of the realme, neuerthelesse when they are gentlie intreated, and with courteous modera|tion, they are found to be verie tractable and pliant vnto reason: in priuate bargains & contracts they are so willing to giue euerie man his own, that they will yéeld the more. And so farre is it growne into a custome euen in these our daies, that except there be some surplusage aboue the bare couenant, they will breake off and not go forwards with the bar|gaine.

Compare 1577 edition: 1 They vsed at the first the rites and maners of the Aegyptians from whence they came, and in all their priuate affaires they vsed not to write with common letters, as other nations did; but rather with ciphers and figures of creatures made in maner of letters, as their epitaphes vpon their toomes and sepulchers remaining amongst vs doo hitherto declare. Ne|uerthelesse in our times this hieroglyphicall maner of writing (I wot not by what meanes) is perished and lost, and yet they haue certeine letters proper vn|to themselues, which were somtime in common vse: but among such as reteine the ancient speach, they haue their aspirations, dipthongs, and pronunciati|on better than any other. The common sort are not in vre withall, but onlie they which inhabit in the higher part of the countrie, and sith they haue their language more eloquent and apt than others, they are called poets; they make also poets with great so|lemnitie and honour, being borne out therein by the authoritie of the prince. Besides the skill also of ma|ny other arts and sciences, whose rules and methods EEBO page image 22 are turned into the said language, are giuen by tra|dition from their elders, they chéeflie excell in phy|sicke, wherein they go far beyond manie other, who learning of them the natures and qualities of such hearbs as grow in those quarters, doo heale all ma|ner of diseases euen by their onelie application.

Compare 1577 edition: 1 Certes there is no region in the whole world so barren & vnfruitfull, through distance from the sun, but by the prouidence of God all maner of necessa|ries for the sustentation of mankind dwelling there are to be had therein, if the inhabitants were such as had any skill how to vse the same in order. Neuer|thelesse our elders, which dwelled continuallie vpon the marches of England, learned the Saxon toong through continuall trade of merchandize and hazard of the wars long since, whereby it came to passe that we neglected our owne language, & our owne ma|ners, and thereto both our ancient order in writing and speaking is vtterlie left among vs, that inhabit neere vnto them; whereas contrariwise those that dwell in the mounteins reteine still their ancient spéech and letters, and almost all their old rites, wher|vnto in time past their forefathers haue béene accu|stomed. One thing hereof also may euidentlie be séene (for an example) in their boats which they call carrocks, for being made of osiers and couered with bull hides, they vse to passe and repasse with them o|uer their riuers and waters in catching of samons, and when they haue doone, they beare them on their backs vnto what place soeuer it pleaseth them.

Compare 1577 edition: 1 But we will now leaue the maners of our anci|ent friends, and intreat of our later countriemen. In processe of time therefore, and chéeflie about the daies of Malcolme Cammor, our maners began greatlie to change and alter. For when our neigh|bors the Britons began, after they were subdued by the Romans, to wax idle and slouthfull, and there|vpon driuen out of their countrie into Wales by their enimies the Saxons, we began to haue ali|ance (by proximitie of the Romans) with English|men, speciallie after the subuersion of the Picts, and through our dailie trades and conuersation with them, to learne also their maners, and therewithall their language, as I haue said alreadie. Heereby shortlie after it came also to passe, that the tempe|rance and vertue of our ancestors grew to be iudged worthie of small estimation amongst vs, notwith|standing that a certeine idle desire of our former re|nowme did still remaine within vs.

Compare 1577 edition: 1 Furthermore as men not walking in the right path, we began to follow also the vaine shadow of the Germane honor and titles of nobilitie, and boa|sting of the same after the English maner, it fell out yer long, that wheras he in times past was accomp|ted onlie honorable, which excelled other men not in riches and possessions, but in prowesse and manhood, now he would be taken most glorious that went loaden with most titles, wherof it came to passe, that some were named dukes, some earles, some lords, some barons, in which vaine puffes they fixed all their felicitie. Before time the noble men of Scot|land were of one condition, & called by the name of Thanes, so much in Latine as Quaestoresregij, gathe|rers of the kings duties, in English: and this deno|mination was giuen vnto them after their desert and merit.

Compare 1577 edition: 1 But how far we in these present daies are swar|ued from the vertues and temperance of our elders, I beléeue there is no man so eloquent, nor indued with such vtterance, as that he is able sufficientlie to expresse. For whereas they gaue their minds to dowghtinesse, we applie our selues to droonkennes: they had plentie with sufficiencie, we haue inordi|nate excesse with superfluitie: they were temperate, we effeminate: and so is the case now altered with vs, that he which can deuoure and drinke most, is the noblest man and most honest companion, and there|to hath no péere if he can once find the veine, though with his great trauell to puruey himself of the plen|tifullest number of new fine and delicate dishes, and best prouoke his stomach to receiue the greatest quantitie of them, though he neuer make due dige|stion of it.

Compare 1577 edition: 1 Being thus drowned in our delicate gluttonie, it is a world to sée, how we stuffe our selues both daie and night, neuer ceasing to ingorge & powre in, till our bellies be so full that we must néeds depart. Cer|tes it is not supposed méet that we should now con|tent our selues with breakefast and supper onelie, as our elders haue doone before vs, nor inough that we haue added our dinners vnto their aforsaid meales, but we must haue thereto our beuerages and reare suppers, so that small time is spared wherein to oc|cupie our selues in any godlie exercise, sith almost the whole daie and night doo scarselie suffice for the filling of our panches. We haue also our merchants, whose charge is not to looke out, and bring honre such things as necessarilie perteine to the maintenance of our liues, but vnto the furniture of our kitchen, and these search all the secret corners of our forrests for veneson, of the aire for foules, and of the sea for fish, for wine also they trauell not only into France, whose wines doo now grow into contempt, but also into Spaine, Italie and Gréece: nay Affrike is not void of our factors, no nor Asia, and onelie for fine and delicate wines if they might be had for monie.

Compare 1577 edition: 1 In like sort they gad ouer all the world for swéet and pleasant spices, and drugs (prouokers vnto all lust and licentiousnesse of behauiour) as men that aduenture their owne liues to bring home poison and destruction vnto their countriemen, as if the mind were not alreadie sufficientlie bereft of hir image of the diuinitie, but must yet more be clogged and ouerladen with such a franked case, therewith|all to be extinguished outright, which alreadie dwel|leth or is buried rather in such an vglie sepulchre. The bodie likewise being oppressed with such a heape of superfluous food, although otherwise it be indued with an excellent nature, cannot be able to execute his office, nor kéepe him selfe vpright, but must néeds yeeld as ouercome, and to be torne in péeces and rent with sundrie maladies.

Compare 1577 edition: 1 Hereof also it commeth to passe, that our coun|trimen trauelling into the colder regions are now a daies contrarie to their former vsage taken some|time with feuers, whereby their inward parts doo burne and parch as it were with continuall fier, the onelie cause whereof we may ascribe vnto those hot spices and drugs which are brought vnto vs from the hot countries. Others of them are so swollen and growne full of humors, that they are often taken suddenlie, and die of vehement apoplexies, and al|though here and there one or two recouer for a little while, yet are they but dead people, reuiuing againe, leading the rest of their liues like shadows, and wal|king about as if they were buried alreadie.

Compare 1577 edition: 1 Our youth also following these vnhappie steps of their parents, giue themselues wholie to lust and licentiousnesse, hauing all vertue and knowledge in contempt, and eschewing the same as a pestilence and subuersion of their pleasures, wherevnto they applie themselues as vnto the most excellent trade. But sithens they are now inured, and as it were haunted with these vices, when time dooth come of seruice, and that our countrie shall stand in need of manhood, these will become so effeminate, that they must now ride on horssebacke as clad in heauie ar|mor, for on foot they cannot go by reason of their fat|nesse EEBO page image 23 which choketh vp their vitall forces, neither be able to performe anie thing at all in comparison of the souereigne manhood and prowesse of their el|ders. So soone also as they returne home, bicause their possessions are not otherwise able to nourish them vp in pleasure and pampering of their mawes, they must fall to couetous and gréedie practises, ther|by to inrich themselues, or else proue strong théeues, or finally sowers of dissention and discord among the noble men, thereby to preie some commoditie.

Compare 1577 edition: 1 Certes these and other vices following them ne|cessarilie, procéed generallie from none other foun|taine than voluptuous life and intemperancie, the which if we would refraine, there is no region vnder the sunne that would proue more wholsome, lesse sub|iect to pestilence, nor more commodious and profi|table for the sustentation of hir people. Certes I despaire not of the redresse of these things, but still hope that in short time these corrupt maners of my countriemen will be turned into better frame. We are not yet become impudent, neither altogither haue cast off vnshamefastnesse, sith that in a great manie some remainder of our ancient sobernesse and manhood dooth yet appeare, and thereto newnesse of life with feruent deuotion increase euerie day, through the working of the zeale of our christian re|ligion in vs.

Compare 1577 edition: 1 This also will I adde, without offense vnto other nations, that there was neuer people more stedfast to my knowledge in the christian faith, nor more constant in their faithfull promises, than the Scots haue béene since their first beginning: and for a con|clusion I will say more, not onelie for their praise, but also in exhorting them vnto perseuerance, that as our people now liuing doo passe their ancestors in sumptuous and curious attire, so they are more neat and fine in their houses, better giuen to learning, and much more magnificent in building and decking of their churches. God grant them also to returne to their former frugalitie, and that with spéed, Amen.

Compare 1577 edition: 1 ¶ Hitherto haue I translated Hectors description of Scotland out of the Scotish into the English toong, being not a little aided therein by the Latine, from whence sometime the translator swarueth not a little, as I haue done also from him, now and then following the Latine, and now and then gathering such sense out of both, as most did stand with my purposed breuitic. Now will I set downe the descrip|tion of an ancient Pict, as I haue gathered it out of Herodian and other, and then I will giue ouer not onelie to write more at this present, but for euer hereafter of anie historicall matters, sith I sée that this honest kind of recreation is denied me, and all time spent about the same in these daies vtterly con|demned, as vaine and sauouring of negligence, and heathenish impietie.

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1.13. Of the maners of the Scottes in theſe dayes, and their compariſon with the behauiour of the old, and ſuch as liued long ſince with|in this Iland. Chap. 13.

Of the maners of the Scottes in theſe dayes, and their compariſon with the behauiour of the old, and ſuch as liued long ſince with|in this Iland. Chap. 13.

Compare 1587 edition: 1 2 3 FOraſmuch as diuers noble men haue deſi|red me to ſhew apart the old maners of the Scots touched in my hiſtory, to the end it may be knowen how far our nation in theſe preſent dayes are different in their maners & behauiour frõ thoſe of our forefathers, & herevnto although I aſſure my ſelf already yt the reuealing of theſe things will procure vnto me the hatred of ſun|dry worthy or renowmed perſonages (of which few wil yeelde to heare their doings touched, or their errours reproued) yet bicauſe I ow [...] ſuch duetie & ſeruice vnto thoſe that haue made this requeſt vnto me, & leaſt I ſhould ſeeme ingrate not to herken vnto thẽ in this behalf I haue cõ|deſcended to the performaunce of their deſires, & ſomuch the rather, for yt they alledge how it wil be very profitable vnto al readers, but eſpecially ſuch as are not immoderately giuen ouer into their owne affections, nor ſo wholly drowned in their owne ſenſuality & pleaſures, but vpon conſideration of wholſome admonition will be very willing to leaue what ſoeuer offendeth in them. Firſt of al therfore, I will declare what vſages haue ben among our elders both in [...]me of warre & peace, and by what wiſedome & in|duſtrie they haue preuailed ſo long time againſt ſuch & ſo many mighty aduerſaries, as firſt the Brytons, then ye Saxons, next of al the Danes whiche haue entred into this Iland with huge armies, to ſpoyle and ſu [...]due the ſame. Further|more, I wil ſet downe with ſomuch breuily as I can, how the falling by litle & litle frõ the fru|galitie and cuſtomes of their Forefathers, their vertue & force alſo began in like order to decay. And finally how in theſe daies either by the cle|mẽcy of our neighbours, or by their delicate ne|gligence rather than by our owne prowes, wee liue in ſecurity, & thereby as it were ouerwhel|med & wrapped vp in al [...], & exceſſe, wher|into our want of exerciſe and martiall proweſſe doth marueylouſly impeſt vs. Certes I beleue that by this meanes ſuch [...] are of ye more cou|ragious ſort (& yet reteyning a ſauour of the tẽ|perantie of theyr elders) will e [...]ioyce to hea [...]e their manhoode and great prowes cõmended in this wiſe, as others of the cõ [...]ny ſect (in ſeruiſe maner addicted to gather good, and ſpende their times in role exceſſe & riot) ſe [...]ing their errours iuſtly reprehended, & the diſhonor gotten thereby openly reuealed, will the rather addreſſe them|ſelues to reformation of their eſtate, thereby to recouer the auncient renowme of their Forefa|thers, in anſwering to their prowes, than pro [...]e a reproche vnto their ſucceſſours, thorow their lewde behauiours neuer to be forgotten. This alſo I proteſt before al men, that what ſoeuer I ſhall ſpeake of the euill maners of our times, I do not meane it vnto all, but [...]hoſe only whome blind [...] loue, couetouſneſſe intemperancy, ex|ceſſe and abuſe of al Goddes good giftes haue ſo touched, that they deſ [...]rue much more to be re|prehended then I will vouchſafe to attempt in this my [...] treatize, therefore if any man ſhall [...] him ſelfe to be rubbed on the gall [...]y me. I counſell him that he conceale not his in|firmity, by [...] reuenge on othermẽ, but e [...]|the [...] [...] to procure the remedy in firſt ac|knowledging his miſdemeanors, whiche is the one and better halfe of his cure.

Compare 1587 edition: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Our elders although they were right vertu|ous both i [...] warre abrode, and at home in peace, were yet neuertheleſſe in conuerſation & beha|uiour very temperate, whiche is the fountaine & originall of al vertues. In ſleepe they were cõ|petent, in meate & drinke ſober, & contẽted with ſuch foode as was ready a [...] hande and prepared with litle coſt. Their bread conſiſted of ſuche ſtuffe as grew moſt readily on ye ground, with|out al maner of ſifting and bouſting, wherby to pleaſe the palate, but baked vp as it came frõ the mill without any ſuche curioſity, whiche is a great abaſing of the force therof vnto our day|ly nouriſhment. The fleſh whereon they chief|ly fed, was either ſuch as they gate by hunting, wherin they tooke great de [...]e & which increaſed not a litle their ſtrength and nimbleneſſe, or els ſuche tame ca [...]tell as they bredde vp at home, wherof [...]eefe was accompted the principall, as it is yet in our dayes, though after another ma|ner & fa [...] diſcrepant from the vſe and cuſtome of other countries. The ſtickes or young befettes vngelded, we either kill yoũg for veale, or geld, to the end that they may [...] afterwarde for tillage [...]n ea [...]ng vp of the ground, but the [...]ow|calfes and heigh [...]ers, are neuer killed till they be with Calf, for then are they fatteſt & moſt deli|cious EEBO page image 18 to the mouth. The common meate of our elders was fiſh, howbeit not only or ſomuch for the plenty therof, as for that one landes lay oftẽ waſt and vntilled, bicauſe of the great warres which they cõmonly had in hand. They breake alſo their faſt early in the morning wt ſome ſlẽ|der repaſt, & ſo cõtinued without any other diet vntill ſupper time, in whiche they had but one diſh, whereby it came to paſſe, yt their ſtomackes were neuer ouercharged, nor their bones deſi|rous of reſt thorow the fulneſſe of their bellies. At ſuche time as they determined of ſet purpoſe to be mery, they vſed a kinde of Aquavite voyde of al ſpice, & only conſiſting of ſuch hearbes and rootes as grew in their owne gardens, otherwiſe their common drinke was Ale: but in tyme of warre when they were inforced to lie in campe, they contented thẽſelues with water as redieſt for their turnes. Eche ſouldier alſo had ſo much meale as might ſerue him for a day, whiche he made vp in cakes, and baked on the coles, as the Romaines ſometimes vſed to do, and the Em|perour Caracalla himſelfe as Herodian hath re|mẽbred. Seldome did they eat any fleſh in their tentes, except they gate it frõ their aduerſaries, ſuch as they had likewiſe was eaten half rawe, bycauſe they ſuppoſed the iuyce therof ſo vſed to nouriſh very abundantly. But fiſhe was much more plentifull amongſt them, eſpecially when they wãted their vſuall prayes, or could not at|tayne vnto them. They brought furthermore from their houſes to the field with them, a veſſel of butter, cheeſe, meale, milke, & vineger tempred togither as a ſhoote ancre againſt extreme hun|ger, on whiche they would feede & ſucke out the moyſture, when other prouiſion coulde not be gotten. In like maner whenſoeuer they had en|tred into league and amity with their enimies, they would not liue in ſuch ſecurity, that therby they would ſuffer their bodies and forces to de|generate, but they did keepe themſelues in their former actiuity and nimbleneſſe of limmes, ey|ther with continuall hunting (a game greatly eſteemed among our aunceſtors) or with run|ning from the hilles to the valeys, or from the valeys to the hilles, or with wreſtling, and ſuch kindes of paſtime wherby they were neuer idle. Their heads were alwayes ſhauẽ, after the ma|ner of ye aũcient Spaniardes, with a litle tuft of heare only left on their forepartes, & neuer coue|red, except whẽ they were troubled wt ſickeneſſe, by whiche meanes it came to paſſe that fewe of our nation in olde time was ſeene to be balde & heareleſſe. They went alſo bare footed, or if they had any ſhone, they dipped them firſt in ye wa|ter ere they did put thẽ on, eſpecially in Winter when ſharpeſt weather ſhewed it ſelf, to the end that ye ſoles of their feete (which were wel hard|ned in Sommer with heate and in winter with cold, might be more ſtrong and able to ſuſteyne great labour and dayly trauaile. Their apparell was not made for brauery & põpe, but as ſhould ſeeme beſt to couer their bodies & ſerue their ap|pointed vſes, their hoſen were ſhaped alſo of lin|nen or wollen, whiche neuer came higher than their knees, their breches were for the moſt part of hẽpe, clokes alſo they had for winter made of courſe wooll, but in the ſommer time they ware of the fineſt that coulde be gotten. They ſlept moreouer eyther vpon the bare floore or pallets of ſtraw, teaching their childrẽ euen from theyr infancy to eſchew eaſe, & practiſe the like hard|neſſe: & ſith it was a cauſe of ſuſpitiõ of the mo|thers fidelity towarde hir huſbande, to ſeeke a ſtrange nurſe for hir childrẽ (although hire milke fayled) ech womã wold take intollerable paines to bring vp & nouriſh hir owne children. They thought them furthermore not to be kindly fo|ſtered, except they were ſo well nouriſhed after their birthes with the milke of theyr breſtes, as they were before they were borne with ye bloud of their owne bellies, nay they feared leaſt they ſhould degenerate & grow out of kinde, except they gaue them ſucke themſelues, and eſchewed ſtrange milke, therfore in labour & painefulneſſe they were equall, and neither ſexe regarded the heate in ſommer or cold in winter, but trauailed barefooted, & in time of warres the mẽ had their cariages & victuals truſſed behinde thẽ on their horſes, or els vpon their owne ſhulders without refuſall of any labour, enioyned vnto them by their Captaines, If it hapned them at any time to be vanquiſhed, they fled with ſuch ſpeede to ye mountaines, that no horſe might ouertake thẽ & very oft eſcaped. The violence that was done to any one of them, was reputed cõmon to al & ſuch was their deadly fude conceyued in theſe caſes, that vntil they had requited the like with more extremity, they would neuer be quiet nor let go their diſpleaſure. The nobleſt & moſt cou|ragious Gentleman would ſooneſt deſire to be placed in the forewarde, where his vaſſalage or ſeruice & manhood ſhould readilieſt be ſeene and ſuch was the friendſhip of the nobility amongſt thẽſelues, that whyleſt they contended which of them ſhould be moſt faithful & frendly to other, they would oft fal out, & quarel one wt another. Somtimes it hapned yt their Captaine was be|ſet wt extreme peril, or peraduenture ſome other of the nobility, in which caſes they yt were of his [...]ãd wold ſuddenly ruſh in thorow ye thickeſt of their enimies vnto him, & deliuer him, or els [...] they could not ſo do, they would altogither loſe their liues with him, thinking it a perpetuall note of reproche to ouerliue their leader. The graues & ſepulchres of our noblemen had com|mõly EEBO page image 19 ſo many Obeliſkes & ſpires pitched about them, as the deceaſed had killed enimies before time in ye fielde: if any ſouldier had ben found in the fielde without his flint & tinder boxe, or had walked or gone vp & downe with his ſworde at his ſide, and not naked in his hãd, for then vſed they light armor for ye moſt part, he was terri|bly ſcourged: but he that ſolde or morgaged his weapon, was forthwith cut frõ his company & baniſhed as an exile: he that fled or went frõ the battayle without leaue of his Capitayne, was ſlayne whereſoeuer he was mette afterward, without any iudgement or ſentence, and all his goodes cõfiſcated to the Prince: Their light ar|mour in thoſe dayes conſiſted of the launce, the bow, the long ſword which hanged at the ſide of ye owner, & therto a buckler, but afterward hea|uier armour came into generall vſage. In theſe dayes alſo the womẽ of our country were of no leſſe courage than the men, for al ſtout maydẽs & wiues (if they were not with childe) marched ſo wel into the field as did the men, & ſo ſoone as the army did ſet forward, they ſlew the firſt li|uing creature yt they foũd, in whoſe bloud they not onely bathed their ſwordes, but alſo taſted thereof with their mo [...]thes, with no leſſe religiõ & aſſurance conceyued, than if they had already bene ſure of ſome notable & fortunate victory: when they ſaw their owne bloud run frõ them in the fight, they wexed neuer a whit aſtonnied with the matter, but rather doubling their cou|rages, with more egerneſſe they aſſailed their e|nimies. This alſo is to be noted of thẽ, that they neuer ſought any victory by treaſon, falſhed or ſleight, as thinking it a great reproch to winne the fielde any otherwiſe than by mere manhood, proweſſe, & playne dealing. When they went foorth vnto the warres, eche one went with the King of his owne coſt (except the hyred ſoldier) which cuſtome is yet in vſe. If any were trou|bled with the falling Euyll, or Lepre, or fallen frantike, or otherwiſe out of his wits, they were diligẽtly ſought out: & leaſt thoſe diſeaſes ſhould paſſe further by infectuous generatiõ vnto their iſſue & poſterity, they gelded the mẽ. But ye wo|mẽ were ſecluded into ſome odde place farre off from the cõpany of men, where if ſhe afterward hapned to be gotten with childe, both ſhe & the infant were runne thorow with a launce: glut|tons & raueners, drõkardes, & egregious deuou|ters of victualles, were puniſhed alſo by death, firſt being permitted to deuour ſo much as they liſted, & thẽ drowned in one freſh riuer or other.

Compare 1587 edition: 1 2 3 4 Furthermore, as iuſtice in time of warre was cõmonly driuẽ to perke, ſo in daies of peace our countreymen that offended, were oft ſeuerely puniſhed & with inconuenient rigor. For they wel conſidered that after their people ſhould re|turne and come home againe from the warres, they would be giuẽ to ſo many enormities, that the ſame theyr exceſſe ſhould hardly be reſt lay|ned but by extreeme ſeuerity: ſuche alſo was theyr nature, that ſo ſoone as they knew them|ſelues guilty of any offence committed agaynſt the eſtate or cõmon wealth, that firſt attempt was to ſet diſcord amongſt the Pictes & Prin|ces of the realme, neuertheleſſe when they are gently intreated, & with commons moderation, they are found to be very t [...]actable, & pliant vn|to reaſon: in priuate bargaines & contractes they are ſo willing to giue euery man his owne, that they will yeelde the more. And ſo farre is it growne into a ſome euẽ in theſe our dayes, that except there be ſome ſ [...]pluſage aboue the bare couenaunt, they will breake of and not go forwarde with the bargayne. They vſed at the firſt the rites and maners of the Egyptians frõ whence they came, & in al their priuate affayres they vſed not to write with common letters as other nations did, but rather with Cyphers and figures of creatures made in maner of letters as their Epitaphes vpon their tombes & ſepultures remayning amõgſt vs do hitherto declare. Ne|uertheleſſe in our times this Hietoglyphical ma|ner of writing (I wote not by what meanes) is periſhed & loſt, and yet they haue certaine letters propre vnto thẽſelues, which were ſometime in cõmon vſe: but among ſuch as retaine the aun|cient ſpech, they haue their aſpiratiõs, dipthõgs, & pronunciation better than any other. The cõ|mon ſorte are not in vre withall, but onely they which inhabite in the higher part of the coũtry, & ſith they haue their language, more eloquent and apt than others, they are called Poetes, they make alſo Poetes wt great ſolemnity & honour, being borne out therein by the authority of the Prince. Beſide ye ſkil alſo of many other artes & ſciences, whoſe rules & Methodes are turned into ye ſayd language, are giuẽ by tradition frõ theyr elders, they chiefly excel in Phiſick, wherin they go far beyond many other, who learning of thẽ ye natures & qualitie of ſuch hearbes as grow in thoſe quarters, do heale al maner of diſeaſes euẽ by their only applicatiõ. Certes there is no regiõ in ye whole world ſo barrẽ & vnfruteful, through diſtaũce frõ the Sunne, but by ye prouidence of God all maner of neceſſaries for the ſuſtentatiõ of mankind dwelling there, are to be had therin, if ye inhabitants were ſuch as had any ſkil how to vſe ye ſame in order. Neuertheleſſe our elders which dwelled continually vpõ the Marches of England, learned ye Saxon toung through cõ|tinuall trade of marchandize and hazard of the warres, long ſince, whereby it came to paſſe that we neglected our owne language, and our owne maners, and thereto bothe our auncient EEBO page image 20 order in writing and ſpeakyng is vtterly left among vs, that inhabite neare vnto thẽ, wheras contrary wiſe thoſe that dwell in the moũtaines reteyne ſtill their auncient ſpeach & letters, & al|moſt all their olde rites, wherevnto in time paſt their Forefathers haue bene accuſtomed. One thing hereof alſo may euidently be ſeene (for an example) in their boates whiche they call Car|rockes, for being made of Oſiers & couered with Bull hides, they vſe to paſſe & repaſſe with them ouer their riuers & waters in catching of Sal|mons, & when they haue done, they beare them on their backes vnto what place ſoeuer it plea|ſeth them. But we will now leaue the maners of our auncient friendes, & intreate of our later countreymen. In proceſſe of time therfore, and chiefly aboute the dayes of Malcolme Cammor, our maners began greatly to chaunge & alter. For when our neighbours the Brytons began, after they were ſubdued by the Romaynes, to waxe idle & ſlouthful, and there vpon driuen out of their countrey into Wales by their enimies the Saxõs, we began to haue alliãce (by proxi|mity of the Romaines) with Engliſhmẽ, eſpe|cially after the ſubuerſion of the Pictes, & tho|row our dayly trades & cõuerſation with them, to learne alſo their maners, & therewithall their lãguage as I haue ſayd alredy. Hereby ſhortly after it came alſo to paſſe, that the temperaunce and vertue of our aunceſtors grew to be iudged worthy of ſmall eſtimation amongſt vs, not|withſtanding that a certayne idle deſire of our former renowne did ſtill remayne within vs.

Compare 1587 edition: 1 2 3 4 Furthermore as men not walking in ye right pathe, we begã to follow alſo the vaine ſhadow of the Germaine honor & titles of nobility, and boaſting of the ſame after the Engliſh maner, it fell out ere long, that where as he in times paſt was accompted only honorable, which excelled othermen not in ritches and poſſeſſions, but in proweſſe and manhoode, now he would be takẽ moſt glorious that wẽt loden with moſt titles, whereof it came to paſſe, that ſome were named Dukes, ſome Erles, ſome Lords, ſome Barõs, in which vain puffes they fixed al their felicity. Before time the noble men of Scotlãd were of one condition, and called by the name Thanes, ſo much in Latine as Queſtores regij, gatherers of ye kings duties, in Engliſh: and this denomi|nation was giuen vnto them after their deſert & merite. But how far we in theſe preſent dayes are ſwarued from the vertues and temperaunce of our elders, I beleeue there is no man ſo elo|quent, nor indued with ſuch vtterance, as that he is able ſufficiently to expreſſe. For whereas they gaue their mindes to doughtineſſe, we ap|ply our ſelues to dronkenneſſe: they had plenty with ſufficiency, we haue inordinate exceſſe wt ſuperfluity: they were temperate [...] and ſo is the caſe [...]ow altered with [...] which can deuoure & drinke moſt, [...] m [...]n and moſt honeſt companion, and therein hath no peere if he can once find ye vaine, though with his great trauaile to pu [...]ury himſelf of the plentifulleſt number of newe fine and delicate diſhes, and beſt prouoke his ſtomacke to [...] the greateſt quantitie of them, though he [...] make due digeſtiõ of it. B [...]ing thus drow [...] in our delicate gluttony, it is a world to ſée, ho [...] we ſtuffe our ſelues both day and night, neuer ceaſing to ingorge and poure in, till our bellies [...]e ſo full that we muſt needes depart. Certes it is not ſuppoſed me [...]te that we ſhould now con|tent our ſelues with breakefaſt and ſupper only as our elders haue done before vs, nor inough that we haue added our dinners vnto their a|foreſayd meales, but we muſt haue thereto our beuerages and [...], ſuppers, ſo that ſmall [...] is ſpaced wherein to occupy one ſelues vnto a|ny godly excerciſe, ſith almoſt the whole day & night do fearcely ſuffice for the f [...]lling of our paunches. We haue alſo our m [...]rcha [...], whoſe charge is not to looke out, and bring [...] ſuche things as neceſſarily appertaine to the [...]nte|nance of our liues, but vnto the furniture [...] kitchen, and theſe ſearch al the ſecrete [...] of our forreſtes for [...]eniſon, of the ayre for ſoules, & of the ſea for fiſhe, for wine alſo they trauayle not onely into Fraunce, whoſe wi [...]es do [...] grow into cõtempt, but alſo into Spaine, Ita|ly and Greece: nay Afrike is not boyde of our factours, no nor Aſia, and only for fine and deli|cate wines if they may be had for money. In like ſorte they gad ouer all the world for ſweete and pleaſant ſpices, & drugges (prouoke is vnto all luſt and licentiouſneſſe of behauiour) as men that aduenture their owne liues to bring home poyſon and deſtruction vnto their countreymẽ, as if the minde were not already ſufficiently he|reft of hir im [...]ge of the Diuinity, but muſt yet more be clogged & ouerladen with ſuch a [...]an|ked caſe, therwithall to be extinguiſhed [...] whiche already dwelleth or is buried rather [...] ſuch an vgly ſepulchre. The body likewyſe be|ing oppreſſed with ſuch an heape of ſuperfluous foode, although otherwiſe it be indued with a [...] excellent nature, cannot be able to execute his office, nor keepe it ſelfe vpright, but muſt needes yeelde as ouercome, & to be torne in peeces and rent with ſundry maladies.

Compare 1587 edition: 1 2 3 4 Hereof alſo it commeth to paſſe that our coũtreymen trauayling into the colder regions are now a dayes cõtrary to their former vſage taken ſometime with feuers, whereby their in|wards partes do burne & parch as it were with continuall fire, the onely cauſe whereof we may EEBO page image 21 aſcribe vnto thoſe hoate ſpices and drugges which are brought vnto vs from the hoate coũ|treys. Others of them are ſo ſwollen & growen full of humors, that they are often taken ſoden|ly and die of vehemẽt apoplexies, and although here & there one or two recouer for a litle while, yet are they but dead people reuiuing agayne, leading the reſt of their liues like ſhadowes, and walking aboute as if they were buried already. Our youth alſo following theſe vnhappy ſteps of theyr parentes, giue themſelues wholy to iuſt & licentiouſneſſe, hauing all vertue and know|ledge in contempt, and eſchewing the ſame as a Peſtilence and ſubuerſion of their pleaſures, wherevnto they apply themſelues as vnto the moſt excellent trade. But ſithence they are now inured and as it were haunted with theſe vices, when tyme doth come of ſeruice and that our countrey ſhall ſtand in neede of manhood, theſe will be becomen ſo eſſeminate, that they muſte now ride on horſebacke as cladde in heauy ar|mour, for on foote they cannot go by reaſon of their fatneſſe whiche choketh vp their vitall for|ces, neyther be able to performe any thing at all in compariſon of the ſoueraigne manhoode and proweſſe of theyr elders. So ſoone alſo as they returne home, bicauſe their poſſeſſions are not otherwiſe able to nouriſhe them vp in pleaſure and pampering of their m [...]wes, they muſt fall to couetous and greedy practizes, thereby to en|riche themſelues, or els proue ſtrong theeues, or finally ſowers of diſſention and diſcord among the Noble men, thereby to pray ſome commo|ditie. Certes theſe and other vices followyng them neceſſarily, proceede generally from none other fountayne than voluptuous life & intem|perancy, the whiche if we would refrayne, there is no regiõ vnder the Sunne that would proue more wholeſome, leſſe ſubiect to Peſtilence, nor more commodious and profitable for the ſuſtẽ|tation of hir people. Certes I diſpayre not of the redreſſe of theſe things, but ſtill hope that in ſhorte tyme theſe corrupted maners of my coũ|treymen will be turned into a better frame, wee are not yet become impudent, neyther altogi|ther haue caſt of vnſhamefaſtneſſe, ſithe that in a great many ſome remaynder of our auncient ſoberneſſe and manhoode doth yet appeare, and thereto newneſſe of lyfe with feruent deuotion increaſe euery day, through the working of the zeale of our Chriſtian religion in vs. This al|ſo will I adde, without offence I truſt vnto o|ther nations, that there was neuer people more ſtedfaſt to my knowlege in the Chriſtian faith, nor more conſtant in theyr faithfull promiſes,When they do make any. than the Scots haue bene ſithence their firſt be|ginning: and for a concluſion I will ſay more, not onely for their prayſe, but alſo in exhorting them vnto perſeuerance, that as our people now liuing do paſſe their aunceſtors in ſumptuous & curious attyre, ſo they are more nette and fine in their houſes, better giuen to learning, & m [...]ch more magnificent in buylding and decking of theyr Churches. God graunt them alſo to re|turne to their former frugality, and that with ſpeede. Amen.

Compare 1587 edition: 1 Hethirto haue I tranſlated Hectors deſcri|ption of Scotland out of the Scottiſh into the Engliſh toung, being not a litle ayded therein by the Latine, frõ whence ſomtime the tranſla|tor ſwarueth not a litle, as I haue done alſo frõ him, now and then following the Latine, and now and then gathering ſuch ſence out of both as moſt did ſtande with my purpoſed breuity. Now will I ſet downe the deſcription of an Auncient Pict, as I haue gathered it out of He|rodian & other, and then I will giue ouer not only to wryte more at this preſent, but for euer hereafter of any Hiſtoricall matters, ſith I ſee that this honeſt kind of recreation is denied me, and all time ſpent about the ſame in theſe dayes vtterly condemned, as vayne and ſauouring of negligence, and Heatheniſh impiety.